The Financial Impact of Drug Proliferation on Public Budgets(A Comparative Study)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The proliferation of narcotics constitutes a serious financial and legal challenge that places a heavy burden on public budgets. Expenditures are spread across security, judicial, and correctional institutions, in addition to the costs of treatment and rehabilitation.
This research examines the financial impact of narcotics in Iraq and Egypt by analyzing national legislation and the legal sanctions established to combat drug-related offenses, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of these measures in safeguarding public funds and reducing financial waste.
The study employs a comparative analytical approach to the relevant legal provisions, aiming to uncover strengths and weaknesses in the existing legislation and to propose reforms that enhance the efficiency of public spending while maintaining a balance between the requirements of criminal deterrence and financial stability.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
References List
First: Linguistic References
-Ibn Manzur, Lisan al-Arab, Vol. 2, Dar Lisan al-Arab, Beirut, no publication date.
-Muhammad Murtada Al-Husseini Al-Zubaidi, Taj al-Arus min Jawahir al-Qamus, Vol. 2, Dar Maktabat al-Hayat, Beirut, no publication date.
Second: Books
-Ahmed Abdul Aziz, The Spread of Drugs in Arab Society, 1st ed., Riyadh, 2004.
-Ahmed Okasha, Contemporary Psychiatry, Anglo Egyptian Library, 1992.
-Intissar Bond, Human Behavior, Dar Al-Maaref, Beirut, 1978.
-Tawfiq Muhammad, The Sanctity of Private Trick Secrets, Manshat Al-Maaref, Egypt, 2006.
-Saad Al-Maghribi, The Phenomenon of Hashish Use, Dar Al-Maaref, Cairo, 1963.
-Samir Muhammad Abdel Ghani, Drug Crimes, Legal Books House, Egypt, 2006.
-Shaker Abdel Hamid, Drugs and Their Scientific Effects, Arab Bureau of Education for the Gulf States, Riyadh, 1993.
-Safwat Mokhtar Wafiq, The Problem of Psychoactive Substance Abuse, Dar Al-Ilm wal Thaqafa, 1st ed., Egypt, 2005.
-Abdul Hussein Bayram, Arab Medical Encyclopedia, Dar Al-Qadisiyah, Baghdad, 1984.
-Abdel Hamid Al-Shawarbi, Drug Crimes, University Culture Foundation, Alexandria, 1987.
-Abdul Raouf Mahdi, Criminal Responsibility for Economic Crimes, Manshat Al-Maaref, Alexandria, 1975.
-Abdul Moneim Badr, The Drug Problem, Modern University Office, Alexandria, 1987.
-Ali Al-Khouri, The Global Economy Under the Shadow of Drugs – A Study of Trends and General Recommendations for Arab Perspectives, Center for Economic and Financial Research and Studies, Al-Azhar University, 2024.
-Ali Hassan Khalaf & Sultan Abdul Qader Al-Shawi, General Principles in Criminal Law, Legal Library, Baghdad, 1987.
-Ali Abdul Hamidan Al-Shammari, The Horrors of Drugs in Arab Societies, Manshat Al-Maaref, Kuwait, 1998.
-Aliya Shoukry et al., Study of Social Problems, University Knowledge House, Alexandria, 1993.
-Imad Hamdi Hegazy, The Right to Privacy, University Thought House, Alexandria, 2008.
-Muhammad Al-Shahawi, Criminal Protection of Private Life Sanctity, Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Cairo, 2005.
-Muhammad Barah, Drug Provisions in Libyan Legislation, Publications of Al-Fateh University Complex, Libya, 1989.
-Muhammad Zaki Abu Amer & Suleiman Abdul Moneim, General Section in Criminal Law, New University House, Alexandria, 2002.
-Muhammad Zaid, The Drug Scourge and How to Address It, Dar Al-Andalus, Beirut, 1988.
-Muhammad Sami, Criminal Responsibility Arising from Private Economic Projects, 2nd ed., Dar Al-Nahda Al-Arabiya, Egypt, 2002.
-Muhammad Shafiq, Crime and Society, Modern University Office, Cairo, 2001.
-Muhammad Abbas, Drugs and Addiction, Al-Liwaa, Cairo, Akhbar Al-Youm, 1980.
-Muhammad Abd, Drug Use Crime in Comparative Law, Arab Center for Studies and Training, Riyadh, 1408 AH.
-Muhammad Mar’i Saeb, Drug Crimes, Zain Legal Publications, Beirut, 2007.
-Mustafa Youssef, The Alternative Path to Confronting the Drug Problem, National Center for Social and Criminal Research, Cairo, 1990.
-Montaser Said, General Theory of Crime, Arab Thought House, Egypt, 2009.
Third: Journals and Periodicals
-Ismail Ne’ma Aboud & Muhammad Hassoun Ubaid, Causes and Effects of Drug Use Crime, Journal of Human Sciences, Vol. 23, No. 4, Iraq, 2016.
-UNODC Report on Drug and Crime Control, Vienna, 2002.
-Jamal Sidbi, Social and Economic Effects of Drug Addiction and Use, Center for Studies and Research, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, Egypt, 2009.
-Haidar Al-Khafaji, The Black Economy and the Future of Development in Iraq, Al-Minbar Center for Studies and Sustainable Development, Iraq, 2025.
-Rania Amer, Economic Implications of the Drug Phenomenon on National Economy and Sustainable Development Goals, National Journal for Drug Use and Addiction Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1, 2025.
-Saddam Ali Hadi, Drug Crime – A Comparative Legal Study, Journal of Technology, Vol. 30, Issue 5, Iraq, 2017.
-Falah Thuwaini, Economic Impacts of Drugs, Al-Riyada Journal for Finance and Business, Vol. 5, Special Issue, Iraq, 2024.
-Muhammad Hamdi, Impact of Drugs on National Economies, Al-Muqaddima Journal for Human and Social Studies, Issue 5, 2018.
-Youssef Hussein Jihad, Digital Drugs and the Culture of Cyber Addiction, Basra Studies Journal, Year 20, Issue (62), September 2025.
Fourth: Published Research
-Farida Qamaz, Risk Factors and Prevention of Youth Drug Use, Master’s Thesis, Mentouri University of Constantine, Algeria, 2009.
Fifth: Laws
-Iraqi Drug Law No. 68 of 1965.
-Egyptian Drug Control Law No. 182 of 1960 (amended).
-Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 (amended).
Sixth: Websites
-Arab Iraq, “Financial and Administrative Corruption Eats Away at Iraq’s Body”, 2023. Available at the link.
-Presidential Youth Program, “Egypt’s Drug Bill Could Build 2.4 Million Housing Units Annually”, 2016. Available at the link.
-The Captagon Industry in Syria After Assad's Fall – A Current Overview. Available at the link.
-Iraq Seizes Over a Ton of Narcotics in Nearly a Year. Available at the link.
Seventh: Foreign References
-Khalid Kadhim Abu Duh, Digital Drugs: An Approach to Understanding Saudi Arabia, Research paper presented at the Symposium “Digital Drugs and Their Impact on Arab Youth,” Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, 2016.