القصور التشريعي في مواجهة جرائم الذكاء الاصطناعي - دراسة مقارنة-

References List

First: Sharīʿa (Islamic Law) References

- Ibn Ḥajar, Fatḥ al-Bārī, chapter: “The slave is a shepherd over his master’s property,” wherein the Prophet (peace be upon him) attributed the property to the master.

Second: Linguistic References

- Ibn Manẓūr, Lisān al-ʿArab, vol. 14.

- Dr. Ibrahim Mustafa, Ahmad Ḥasan al-Zayyāt, et al., al-Muʿjam al-Wasīṭ, [no publication year].

Third: Legal Books

- Dr. Ahmad Maḥmūd al-Khūlī, The Theory of Right between Islamic Jurisprudence and Positive Law, Dār al-Salām, Cairo, 1st ed., 2003.

- Dr. Ahmad ʿAbd Allāh, The Juridical Personality in Islamic Fiqh: A Comparative Study, [no publication year].

- Dr. Ahmad Saʿd ʿAlī al-Barʿī, Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Robots from an Islamic Perspective.

- Dr. Rana Ibrahim al-ʿUṭūr, The Criminal Encyclopaedia: The UAE Federal Penal Code.

- Dr. Zina Yūnus Ḥusayn, The Crime of Human Trafficking in Comparative Law, al-Ḥalabī Legal Publications.

- Dr. Sulaymān ʿAbd al-Munʿim, The General Theory of Criminal Law, Dār al-Maṭbūʿāt al-Jāmiʿiyya, Egypt, 2014 ed.

- Dr. Abd al-Tawwāb Maʿwūḍ al-Shurūbajī, Lessons in Penology, Faculty of Law, Zagazig University, 2019.

- Dr. Alī Ḥusayn al-Khalaf and Sulṭān ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Shāwī, General Principles of Criminal Law, Beirut, 2015 ed.

- Dr. Alī ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Qahwajī, Criminal Law: General Part, 2000 ed., al-Dār al-Jāmiʿiyya, Beirut.

- Dr. Āṭif Aḥmad ʿAbd al-ʿĀl, The Digital Economy between Reality and Aspiration and Its Special Tax Treatment, Dār Maḥmūd for Publishing and Distribution, 2021.

- Dr. Alī Jabbār al-Ḥusaynāwī, Computer and Internet Crimes, Dār al-Yāzūrī al-ʿIlmiyya for Publishing and Distribution, Jordan, 2018.

- Dr. Ādil ʿAbd al-Nūr b. ʿAbd al-Nūr, An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence, King ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz City for Science and Technology, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2005.

- Dr. Fawziya ʿAbd al-Sattār, Criminal Law: General Part, 1992 ed.

- Dr. Fawziya ʿAbd al-Sattār, Criminal Law: Criminal Procedure, [no publication year], Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya.

- Dr. Maʾmūn Salāmah, Criminal Law: General Part, 1990 ed., Dār al-Fikr al-ʿArabī.

- Muḥammad Ḥusayn Manṣūr, Medical Liability, al-Maʿārif Establishment, Alexandria, 2001 ed.

- Dr. Muḥammad ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Sayyid, The Suitability of Criminal Sanctions, 2006/2007, Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya.

- Dr. Maḥmūd Maḥmūd Muṣṭafā, Commentary on the Code of Criminal Procedure, 11th ed., 1976.

- Dr. Maḥmūd Najīb Ḥusnī, The General Theory of Criminal Intent, Dār al-Nahḍa al-ʿArabiyya, Cairo, 1989 ed.

- Dr. Maḥmūd Najīb Ḥusnī, Criminal Law: General Part, 1989 ed.

- Munīr Muḥammad al-Janbīhī and Mamdūḥ Muḥammad al-Janbīhī, Internet and Computer Crimes and Methods of Combating Them, Dār al-Fikr al-ʿArabī, Alexandria, 2004.

-Muḥammad Ḥusayn Manṣūr, Medical Liability, al-Maʿārif Establishment, Alexandria, 2001 ed.

Fourth: Theses and Dissertations

- Asiya bint ʿAmrah, Extradition of Offenders in Light of International Law, Master’s Thesis, University of Mohamed Boudiaf – M’sila, 2015/2016 ed.

- Ḥusayn Ḥanafi Ibrahim ʿUmar, The International Judicial Judgment: Its Authority and Guarantees of Enforcement, PhD Thesis, Faculty of Law, Ain Shams University, 1997.

- Alī Aḥmad al-Zughbī, The Right to Privacy in Criminal Law: A Comparative Study, PhD Dissertation submitted to the Council of the College of Law, University of Mosul, 2014.

- Muḥammad Munīb Idlibī, Criminal Liability for the Acts of Artificial Intelligence, Master’s Thesis, 2023.

Fifth: Research Articles and Papers

- Dr. Ibrahim Dahshān, Criminal Liability for Artificial Intelligence Crimes, published in the Journal of Sharīʿa and Law, issue 82, April 2020.

- Cesare Beccaria, On Crimes and Punishments, part two, trans. Yaʿqūb Muḥammad ʿAlī Ḥayātī, Journal of Law, Kuwait University, Academic Publication Council, 1984.

- Samir Schober, Rights of Autonomous Intelligent Agents, a scholarly paper published in Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), USA, vol. 53, no. 8, August 2010.

-Dr. Ṭāriq al-Sayyid Maḥmūd Abū ʿAqīl, Limits of Resorting to Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Criminal Investigation, paper presented at the International Conference of the College of Law, University of Soran, Kurdistan, Iraq, October 2024.

- Dr. Ṭāriq al-Sayyid Maḥmūd Abū ʿAqīl, The Role of Interdisciplinary Studies in Establishing the Rules of Technological Criminal Law, al-Bāḥith Journal for Legal Sciences, vol. 5, no. 2, College of Law, University of Fallujah, Iraq, 2024.

- Dr. Ṭāriq al-Sayyid Maḥmūd, Artificial Intelligence Techniques and Their Role in Facilitating and Combating Cyberterrorism, Journal of al-Zaytouna University for Legal Studies, special issue, 2024.

- Dr. Abd al-Raʾūf Ḥasan and Dr. Ṭāriq al-Sayyid Maḥmūd Abū ʿAqīl, The Scope of Resorting to AI Techniques in Criminal Trials, Ninth International Conference on Emerging Legal Issues, College of Law – Tishk University – Iraq, February 2025.

- Alī Aḥmad Ibrahim, Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Confronting Cybercrimes, a specialised legal journal in legal studies and research, [details not stated].

- Dr. Abd al-ʿAzīz ʿAbd Allāh al-Rashūd, Procedural Rules for Extradition of Offenders in the Saudi System in Accordance with International Conventions, Ajman University – College of Law – Journal of Legal Sciences, Year Three, issue six, July 2017.

- Dr. Muḥammad al-Saʿīd al-Qazzaʿa and Dr. Ṭāriq al-Sayyid Maḥmūd Abū ʿAqīl, Criminal Confrontation of the Use of the Dark Web in Attacks on Personal Data, Fourteenth International Conference: “Protection of Personal Data in the Digital Age”, Faculty of Law, Jerash University, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, 4 May 2025.

- Dr. Muḥammad Aḥmad ʿĪsā and Dr. Abd al-ʿAzīz ʿAbd Allāh al-Rashūd, The Procedural Rules for Extradition of Offenders in the Saudi System in Accordance with International Conventions, Ajman University – College of Law – Journal of Legal Sciences, Year Three, issue six, July 2017.

- Dr. Muḥammad ʿArafāt al-Khaṭīb, The Legal Status of the Android (Intelligent Machine), Kuwait Labour College of Law Journal, year six, no. 4, serial number 24, Rabīʿ al-Awwal – Rabīʿ al-Thānī 1440 AH / December 2018.

- Dr. Munā Muḥammad al-ʿAtrīs al-Dasūqī, Crimes of AI Technologies and Electronic Legal Personality, Journal of Legal Research, issue 81, September 2022.

-Dr. Naṣṣār ʿImrān ʿAbd Nāṣir, The Nexus Between Artificial Intelligence and Public Liberties and Rights Under Constitutional Law, Basra Studies Journal, year 19, supplement to issue (56), December 2024.

- Dr. Walīd Saʿd al-Dīn Muḥammad Saʿīd, Criminal Liability Arising from AI Applications, Journal of Economic and Legal Sciences, year four, July 2022.

- Dr. Yāsir Muḥammad al-Limʿī, Criminal Liability for AI Acts Between Reality and Aspiration: An Analytical, Foresight Study, paper presented to the 20th Annual International Conference, Faculty of Law, Mansoura University, 23–24 May 2012.

Sixth: Websites

http://ar.m.wikipedia.org

https://ai.gov.eg/

https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/

https://asjp.cerist.dz/en/downArticle/315/18/1/265986

https://mawdoo3.com

https://search.mandumah.com/Record/73120

https://sendbird.com/blog/ai-use-cases-ecommerce

https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000369455_ara

https://www.un.org/ar/44267

https://www.un.org/ar/44267

https://www.whitecase.com/insight-our-thinking/ai-watch-global-regulatory-tracker-united-states

Seventh: Laws

- Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 and its amendments.

- Egyptian Penal Code No. 38 of 1937 and its amendments.

- Iraqi Code of Civil Procedure No. 23 of 1971 and its amendments.

- Egyptian Code of Criminal Procedure No. 150 of 1950 and its amendments.

-Iraqi Constitution of 2005.

-Egyptian Constitution of 2014.

- Egyptian Value-Added Tax Law No. 67 of 2016.

ثامناً: المصادر الأجنبية

Andreas Nanos, Criminal Liability of Artificial Intelligence, Charles University in Prague Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 2023/III/3,2023

Dahiyat, E. (2019). Towards Legal Recognition of Artificial Intelligence in Our Lives: The Problematic Relationship between Human and Machine. Al-Ijtihad Journal of Legal and Economic Studies, 8(5),

Sayyed, H. (2024). Artificial intelligence and criminal liability in India: exploring legal implications and challenges. Cogent Social Sciences, 10(1

Zichun Xu,Human Judges in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: Challenges and Opportunities, Applied Artificial Intelligence an International Journal, Vol36:1,2022